沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組作為將生物質(zhì)發(fā)酵產(chǎn)生的沼氣（主要成分為甲烷，含量 50%-70%）轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的關(guān)鍵裝備，通過多系統(tǒng)協(xié)同工作實(shí)現(xiàn)能量高效轉(zhuǎn)換，整套設(shè)備由預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)、發(fā)電機(jī)、控制系統(tǒng)及輔助設(shè)備構(gòu)成，適配于養(yǎng)殖場、污水處理廠、農(nóng)業(yè)廢棄物處理等沼氣產(chǎn)出場景，單機(jī)組功率覆蓋 50kW 至 2000kW，可滿足中小規(guī)模用電需求或并入公共電網(wǎng)。

　　As a key equipment for converting biogas (mainly composed of methane, with a content of 50% -70%) produced by biomass fermentation into electrical energy, the biogas generator set achieves efficient energy conversion through multi system collaborative work. The entire equipment consists of a pretreatment system, engine, generator, control system, and auxiliary equipment, suitable for biogas production scenarios such as breeding farms, sewage treatment plants, and agricultural waste treatment. The single unit power covers 50kW to 2000kW, which can meet the electricity needs of small and medium-sized enterprises or be integrated into the public power grid.

　　沼氣預(yù)處理系統(tǒng)是保障機(jī)組穩(wěn)定運(yùn)行的基礎(chǔ)，負(fù)責(zé)凈化與調(diào)節(jié)沼氣品質(zhì)。從發(fā)酵罐導(dǎo)出的沼氣首先進(jìn)入氣液分離器，去除攜帶的水分與冷凝液（水分含量需降至 10g/m 以下，否則會(huì)腐蝕發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸體），分離出的液體回流至發(fā)酵系統(tǒng)循環(huán)利用。脫硫裝置是核心凈化單元 —— 沼氣中硫化氫含量通常為 100-5000ppm，需通過干法脫硫（如氧化鐵吸附）或濕法脫硫（如化學(xué)吸收）將其降至 50ppm 以下（高硫會(huì)導(dǎo)致發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)機(jī)油劣化速度加快 3-5 倍），脫硫劑定期更換（更換周期 1-3 個(gè)月，取決于硫化氫濃度）。凈化后的沼氣進(jìn)入穩(wěn)壓罐（壓力維持在 5-20kPa，波動(dòng)幅度≤±1kPa），并與空氣按比例混合（空燃比 1:10-1:15，根據(jù)甲烷濃度動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整），為發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)提供穩(wěn)定的混合氣（熱值偏差≤5%）。

　　The biogas pretreatment system is the foundation for ensuring the stable operation of the unit, responsible for purifying and regulating the quality of biogas. The biogas exported from the fermentation tank first enters the gas-liquid separator to remove the carried moisture and condensate (the moisture content needs to be reduced to below 10g/m, otherwise it will corrode the engine cylinder), and the separated liquid flows back to the fermentation system for recycling. The desulfurization device is the core purification unit - the hydrogen sulfide content in biogas is usually 100-5000ppm, which needs to be reduced to below 50ppm through dry desulfurization (such as iron oxide adsorption) or wet desulfurization (such as chemical absorption) (high sulfur can accelerate the deterioration rate of engine oil by 3-5 times), and the desulfurizer should be replaced regularly (with a replacement cycle of 1-3 months, depending on the hydrogen sulfide concentration). The purified biogas enters the pressure stabilizing tank (maintained at 5-20kPa with a fluctuation amplitude of ≤± 1kPa) and is mixed with air in proportion (air-fuel ratio 1:10-1:15, dynamically adjusted according to methane concentration) to provide a stable mixture for the engine (calorific value deviation ≤ 5%).

　　發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)是能量轉(zhuǎn)換的核心部件，將沼氣的化學(xué)能轉(zhuǎn)化為機(jī)械能。混合氣經(jīng)進(jìn)氣管道進(jìn)入氣缸，在活塞壓縮至頂點(diǎn)時(shí)（壓縮比 10-12:1），被高壓火花塞點(diǎn)燃（點(diǎn)火電壓 20-30kV），發(fā)生燃燒反應(yīng)（火焰?zhèn)鞑ニ俣?30-50m/s），瞬間釋放熱能使缸內(nèi)溫度升至 1800-2200℃，壓力達(dá) 8-12MPa，推動(dòng)活塞往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)。通過曲柄連桿機(jī)構(gòu)，活塞的直線運(yùn)動(dòng)轉(zhuǎn)化為曲軸的旋轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)動(dòng)（轉(zhuǎn)速 1500-3000r/min），輸出機(jī)械扭矩。為適應(yīng)沼氣的低熱值特性（通常 18-25MJ/m，僅為天然氣的 50%-60%），發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)采用專用缸蓋與活塞設(shè)計(jì)（壓縮比高于天然氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) 2-3 個(gè)單位），并配備混合氣調(diào)節(jié)裝置 —— 當(dāng)甲烷濃度下降 10% 時(shí)，自動(dòng)增加進(jìn)氣量（提升 15%-20%），確保輸出功率穩(wěn)定（波動(dòng)≤±3%）。

　　The engine is the core component of energy conversion, converting the chemical energy of biogas into mechanical energy. The mixture enters the cylinder through the intake pipe, and when the piston is compressed to its peak (compression ratio of 10-12:1), it is ignited by a high-pressure spark plug (ignition voltage of 20-30kV), causing a combustion reaction (flame propagation speed of 30-50m/s), instantly releasing heat energy to raise the cylinder temperature to 1800-2200 ℃ and pressure to 8-12 MPa, pushing the piston back and forth. Through the crank connecting rod mechanism, the linear motion of the piston is converted into the rotational motion of the crankshaft (at a speed of 1500-3000r/min), outputting mechanical torque. In order to adapt to the low calorific value characteristics of biogas (usually 18-25MJ/m, only 50% -60% of natural gas), the engine adopts a dedicated cylinder head and piston design (compression ratio 2-3 units higher than natural gas engines), and is equipped with a mixture adjustment device - when the methane concentration decreases by 10%, the intake air volume is automatically increased (increased by 15% -20%), ensuring stable output power (fluctuation ≤± 3%).

　　發(fā)電機(jī)將機(jī)械能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能，實(shí)現(xiàn)能源形式的最終轉(zhuǎn)換。發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸通過聯(lián)軸器驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)轉(zhuǎn)子旋轉(zhuǎn)（同步轉(zhuǎn)速 1500r/min 對應(yīng) 50Hz 交流電），轉(zhuǎn)子線圈在定子磁場中切割磁感線，產(chǎn)生三相交流電（電壓 400V，頻率 50Hz）。小型機(jī)組多采用永磁同步發(fā)電機(jī)（效率 92%-95%），大型機(jī)組則使用同步發(fā)電機(jī)（效率 95%-97%），并配備勵(lì)磁系統(tǒng)穩(wěn)定輸出電壓（電壓偏差≤±2%）。發(fā)電系統(tǒng)還包含整流與逆變模塊（對并網(wǎng)機(jī)組而言），將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為符合電網(wǎng)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的交流電（總諧波畸變率≤5%），滿足并網(wǎng)要求或直接供給負(fù)載使用。

　　The generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy, achieving the final conversion of energy forms. The engine crankshaft drives the generator rotor to rotate through a coupling (synchronous speed of 1500r/min corresponds to 50Hz AC power), and the rotor coil cuts magnetic induction lines in the stator magnetic field, generating three-phase AC power (voltage 400V, frequency 50Hz). Small units often use permanent magnet synchronous generators (efficiency 92% -95%), while large units use synchronous generators (efficiency 95% -97%) and are equipped with excitation systems to stabilize output voltage (voltage deviation ≤± 2%). The power generation system also includes rectifier and inverter modules (for grid connected units), which convert electrical energy into AC power that meets grid standards (total harmonic distortion rate ≤ 5%), meets grid connection requirements, or directly supplies it to the load for use.

　　控制系統(tǒng)實(shí)現(xiàn)全流程自動(dòng)化運(yùn)行與安全監(jiān)控。中央控制器通過傳感器實(shí)時(shí)采集沼氣濃度（檢測間隔 1 秒，甲烷濃度低于 30% 時(shí)停機(jī)）、發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)水溫（正常 80-90℃，超溫時(shí)啟動(dòng)冷卻風(fēng)扇）、機(jī)油壓力（低于 0.2MPa 報(bào)警）、發(fā)電量等參數(shù)，數(shù)據(jù)傳輸延遲＜0.5 秒。當(dāng)檢測到沼氣泄漏（濃度≥0.5%）或設(shè)備故障（如超速、超壓），系統(tǒng)立即切斷進(jìn)氣閥并啟動(dòng)氮?dú)獯祾撸ù祾邥r(shí)間 3-5 分鐘），同時(shí)觸發(fā)聲光報(bào)警，確保安全停機(jī)（停機(jī)響應(yīng)時(shí)間＜10 秒）。對多機(jī)組聯(lián)合運(yùn)行的場景，控制系統(tǒng)可實(shí)現(xiàn)負(fù)荷分配（各機(jī)組負(fù)荷偏差≤2%），根據(jù)沼氣產(chǎn)量自動(dòng)調(diào)整運(yùn)行臺(tái)數(shù)，避免能源浪費(fèi)。

　　The control system achieves full process automation and safety monitoring. The central controller collects real-time parameters such as biogas concentration (detection interval of 1 second, shutdown when methane concentration is below 30%), engine water temperature (normal 80-90 ℃, start cooling fan when overheating), oil pressure (alarm below 0.2MPa), and power generation through sensors, with a data transmission delay of less than 0.5 seconds. When a biogas leak (concentration ≥ 0.5%) or equipment failure (such as overspeed or overpressure) is detected, the system immediately cuts off the intake valve and starts nitrogen purging (purging time 3-5 minutes), while triggering an audible and visual alarm to ensure safe shutdown (shutdown response time<10 seconds). For the scenario of multi unit joint operation, the control system can achieve load distribution (load deviation of each unit ≤ 2%), automatically adjust the number of operating units according to biogas production, and avoid energy waste.

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